Thursday, July 24, 2025

APOD - Titan Shadow Transit

Astronomy Picture of the Day

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2025 July 24
See Explanation.  Clicking on the picture will download  the highest resolution version available.

Titan Shadow Transit
Image Credit & Copyright: Volodymyr Andrienko

Explanation: Every 15 years or so, Saturn's rings are tilted edge-on to our line of sight. As the bright, beautiful ring system grows narrower and fainter it becomes increasingly difficult to see for denizens of planet Earth. But it does provide the opportunity to watch transits of Saturn's moons and their dark shadows across the ringed gas giant's still bright disk. Of course Saturn's largest moon Titan is the easiest to spot in transit. In this telescopic snapshot from July 18, Titan itself is at the upper left, casting a round dark shadow on Saturn's banded cloudtops above the narrow rings. In fact Titan's transit season is in full swing now with shadow transits every 16 days corresponding to the moon's orbital period. Its final shadow transit will be on October 6, though Titan's pale disk will continue to cross in front of Saturn as seen from telescopes on planet Earth every 16 days through January 25, 2026.

Tomorrow's picture: pixels in space


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Wednesday, July 23, 2025

APOD - Fireball over Cape San Blas

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2025 July 23
A bright streak is pictured through a starry sky over a   beach spotted with the husks of dead trees. The rollover  shows the resulting smoke trail from the bright meteor.  Moving the cursor over the image will bring up an annotated version.  Clicking on the image will bring up the highest resolution version  available.  Please see the explanation for more detailed information.

Fireball over Cape San Blas
Image Credit & Copyright: Jason Rice

Explanation: Have you ever seen a fireball? In astronomy, a fireball is a very bright meteor -- one at least as bright as Venus and possibly brighter than even a full Moon. Fireballs are rare -- if you see one you are likely to remember it for your whole life. Physically, a fireball is a small rock that originated from an asteroid or comet that typically leaves a fading smoke trail of gas and dust as it shoots through the Earth's atmosphere. It is unlikely that any single large ground strike occurred -- much of the rock likely vaporized as it broke up into many small pieces. The featured picture was captured last week from a deadwood beach in Cape San Blas, Florida, USA.

Piece it Back Together: Astronomy Puzzle of the Day
Tomorrow's picture: open space


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Tuesday, July 22, 2025

APOD - A Double Detonation Supernova

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2025 July 22
A nearly circular nebula with two rings is shown.   The outer ring appears orange while while the inner   rings is more complex and appears blue.   Please see the explanation for more detailed information.

A Double Detonation Supernova
Image Credit: ESO, P. Das et al.; Background stars (NASA/Hubble): K. Noll et al.

Explanation: Can some supernovas explode twice? Yes, when the first explosion acts like a detonator for the second. This is a leading hypothesis for the cause of supernova remnant (SNR) 0509-67.5. In this two-star system, gravity causes the larger and fluffier star to give up mass to a smaller and denser white dwarf companion. Eventually the white dwarf's near-surface temperature goes so high that it explodes, creating a shock wave that goes both out and in -- and so triggers a full Type Ia supernova near the center. Recent images of the SNR 0509-67.5 system, like the featured image from the Very Large Telescope in Chile, show two shells with radii and compositions consistent with the double detonation hypothesis. This system, SNR 0509-67.5 is also famous for two standing mysteries: why its bright supernova wasn't noted 400 years ago, and why no visible companion star remains.

Tomorrow's picture: rock being vaporized


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Monday, July 21, 2025

APOD - Cat's Paw Nebula from Webb Space Telescope

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2025 July 21
In a starfield a nebula appears that has three main  bright regions surrounding a dark central nebula.   Please see the explanation for more detailed information.

Cat's Paw Nebula from Webb Space Telescope
Image Credit: NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI

Explanation: Nebulas are perhaps as famous for being identified with familiar shapes as perhaps cats are for getting into trouble. Still, no known cat could have created the vast Cat's Paw Nebula visible toward the constellation of the Scorpion (Scorpius). At 5,700 light years distant, Cat's Paw is an emission nebula within a larger molecular cloud. Alternatively known as the Bear Claw Nebula and cataloged as NGC 6334, stars nearly ten times the mass of our Sun have been born there in only the past few million years. Pictured here is a recently released image of the Cat's Paw taken in infrared light by the James Webb Space Telescope. This newly detailed view into the nebula helps provide insight for how turbulent molecular clouds turn gas into stars.

Explore Your Universe: Random APOD Generator
Tomorrow's picture: double supernova


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Sunday, July 20, 2025

APOD - Lunar Nearside

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2025 July 20
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Lunar Nearside
Image Credit: NASA / GSFC / Arizona State Univ. / Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter

Explanation: About 1,300 images from the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter spacecraft's wide angle camera were used to compose this spectacular view of a familiar face - the lunar nearside. But why is there a lunar nearside? The Moon rotates on its axis and orbits the Earth at the same rate, about once every 28 days. Tidally locked in this configuration, the synchronous rotation always keeps one side, the nearside, facing Earth. As a result, featured in remarkable detail in the full resolution mosaic, the smooth, dark, lunar maria (actually lava-flooded impact basins), and rugged highlands, are well-known to earthbound skygazers. To find your favorite mare or large crater, just follow this link or slide your cursor over the picture. The LRO images used to construct the mosaic were recorded over a two week period in December 2010.

Tomorrow's picture: cat's webb


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Saturday, July 19, 2025

APOD - Messier 6

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2025 July 19
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Messier 6
Image Credit & Copyright: Xinran Li

Explanation: The sixth object in Charles Messier's famous catalog of things which are not comets, Messier 6 is a galactic or open star cluster. A gathering of 100 stars or so, all around 100 million years young, M6 lies some 1,600 light-years away toward the central Milky Way in the constellation Scorpius. Also cataloged as NGC 6405, the pretty star cluster's outline suggests its popular moniker, the Butterfly Cluster. Surrounded by diffuse reddish emission from the region's hydrogen gas the cluster's mostly hot and therefore blue stars are near the center of this colorful cosmic snapshot. But the brightest cluster member is a cool K-type giant star. Designated BM Scorpii it shines with a yellow-orange hue, seen near the end of one of the butterfly's antennae. This telescopic field of view spans nearly 2 Full Moons on the sky. That's 25 light-years at the estimated distance of Messier 6.

Tomorrow's picture: light-weekend


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Thursday, July 17, 2025

APOD - 3I/ATLAS

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2025 July 17
See Explanation.  Clicking on the picture will download  the highest resolution version available.

3I/ATLAS
Image Credit: Gemini Observatory/NOIRLab/NSF/AURA/K. Meech (IfA/U. Hawaii)
Processing: Jen Miller, Mahdi Zamani (NSF/NOIRLab)

Explanation: Discovered on July 1 with the NASA-funded ATLAS (Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert, System) survey telescope in Rio Hurtado, Chile, 3I/ATLAS is so designated as the third known interstellar object to pass through our Solar System It follows 1I/ʻOumuamua in 2017 and the comet 2I/Borisov in 2019. Also known as C/2025 N1, 3I/ATLAS is clearly a comet, its diffuse cometary coma, a cloud of gas and dust surrounding an icy nucleus, is easily seen in these images from the large Gemini North telescope on Maunakea, Hawai'i. The left panel tracks the comet as it moves across the sky against fixed background stars in successive exposures. Three different filters were used, shown in red, green, and blue. In the right panel the multiple exposures are registered and combined to form a single image of the comet. The comet's interstellar origin is also clear from its orbit, determined to be an eccentric, highly hyperbolic orbit that does not loop back around the Sun and will return 3I/ATLAS to interstellar space. Not a threat to planet Earth, the inbound interstellar interloper is now within the Jupiter's orbital distance of the Sun, while its closest approach to the Sun will bring it just within the orbital distance of Mars.

Tomorrow's picture: pixels in space


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Wednesday, July 16, 2025

APOD - The Rosette Nebula from DECam

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2025 July 16
A deep image of the Rosette Nebula is shown along   with a field of stars. As many color filters were used,   the flowery nebula takes on many colors with blue in the  center, yellow and orange around the blue, and red   around the outside.   Please see the explanation for more detailed information.

The Rosette Nebula from DECam
Image Credit: CTIO, NOIRLab, DOE, NSF, AURA; Processing: T. A. Rector (U. Alaska Anchorage), D. de Martin (NSF's NOIRLab) & M. Zamani

Explanation: Would the Rosette Nebula by any other name look as sweet? The bland New General Catalog designation of NGC 2237 doesn't appear to diminish the appearance of this flowery emission nebula, as captured by the Dark Energy Camera (DECam) on the Blanco 4-meter telescope at the NSF's Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory in Chile. Inside the nebula lies an open cluster of bright young stars designated NGC 2244. These stars formed about four million years ago from the nebular material and their stellar winds are clearing a hole in the nebula's center, insulated by a layer of dust and hot gas. Ultraviolet light from the hot cluster stars causes the surrounding nebula to glow. The Rosette Nebula spans about 100 light-years across, lies about 5000 light-years away, and can be seen with a small telescope towards the constellation of the Unicorn (Monoceros).

Open Science: Browse 3,700+ codes in the Astrophysics Source Code Library
Tomorrow's picture: 3I


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Tuesday, July 15, 2025

APOD - Collapse in Hebes Chasma on Mars

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2025 July 15
A view of the surface of Mars shows an unusual feature --  a seemingly square crater bounded on three sides.   Please see the explanation for more detailed information.

Collapse in Hebes Chasma on Mars
Image Credit & License: ESA/DLR/FU Berlin (G. Neukum)

Explanation: What's happened in Hebes Chasma on Mars? Hebes Chasma is a depression just north of the enormous Valles Marineris canyon. Since the depression is unconnected to other surface features, it is unclear where the internal material went. Inside Hebes Chasma is Hebes Mensa, a 5 kilometer high mesa that appears to have undergone an unusual partial collapse -- a collapse that might be providing clues. The featured image, taken by ESA's robotic Mars Express spacecraft currently orbiting Mars, shows great details of the chasm and the unusual horseshoe shaped indentation in the central mesa. Material from the mesa appears to have flowed onto the floor of the chasm, while a possible dark layer appears to have pooled like ink on a downslope landing. One hypothesis holds that salty rock composes some lower layers in Hebes Chasma, with the salt dissolving in melted ice flows that drained through holes into an underground aquifer.

Tomorrow's picture: unicorn space rose


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Monday, July 14, 2025

APOD - NGC 2685: The Helix Galaxy

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2025 July 14
An unusual galaxy is shown that appears lens-like in  overall shape yet has various rings of stars around the  center.   Please see the explanation for more detailed information.

NGC 2685: The Helix Galaxy
Image Credit & Copyright: Stefan Thrun

Explanation: What is going on with this galaxy? NGC 2685 is a confirmed polar ring galaxy - a rare type of galaxy with stars, gas and dust orbiting in rings perpendicular to the plane of a flat galactic disk. The bizarre configuration could be caused by the chance capture of material from another galaxy by a disk galaxy, with the captured debris strung out in a rotating ring. Still, observed properties of NGC 2685 suggest that the rotating helix structure is remarkably old and stable. In this sharp view of the peculiar system also known as Arp 336 or the Helix galaxy, the strange, perpendicular rings are easy to trace as they pass in front of the galactic disk, along with other disturbed outer structures. NGC 2685 is about 50,000 light-years across and 40 million light-years away in the constellation of the Great Bear (Ursa Major).

Piece it All Together: Astronomy Puzzle of the Day
Tomorrow's picture: collapse on Mars


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Sunday, July 13, 2025

APOD - Planetary Nebula Mz3: The Ant Nebula

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2025 July 13
A dark starfield appears around an unusually shaped nebula.  The nebula has two main lobes on the left and the right and may   seem to resemble an ant.   Please see the explanation for more detailed information.

Planetary Nebula Mz3: The Ant Nebula
Image Credit: NASA, ESA, R. Sahai (JPL) et al., Hubble Heritage Team

Explanation: Why isn't this ant a big sphere? Planetary nebula Mz3 is being cast off by a star similar to our Sun that is, surely, round. Why then would the gas that is streaming away create an ant-shaped nebula that is distinctly not round? Clues might include the high 1000-kilometer per second speed of the expelled gas, the light-year long length of the structure, and the magnetism of the star featured here at the nebula's center. One possible answer is that Mz3 is hiding a second, dimmer star that orbits close in to the bright star. A competing hypothesis holds that the central star's own spin and magnetic field are channeling the gas. Since the central star appears to be so similar to our own Sun, astronomers hope that increased understanding of the history of this giant space ant can provide useful insight into the likely future of our own Sun and Earth.

Explore Your Universe: Random APOD Generator
Tomorrow's picture: twisted galaxy


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Saturday, July 12, 2025

APOD - Clouds and the Golden Moon

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2025 July 12
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Clouds and the Golden Moon
Image Credit & Copyright: Alexsandro Mota

Explanation: As the Sun set, a bright Full Moon rose on July 10. Its golden light illuminates clouds drifting through southern hemisphere skies in this well-composed telephoto image from Conceição do Coité, Bahia, Brazil. The brightest lunar phase is captured here with both a short and long exposure. The two exposures were combined to reveal details of the lunar surface in bright moonlight and a subtle iridescence along the dramatically backlit cloudscape. Of course, July's Full Moon is a winter moon in the southern hemisphere. But in the north it's known to some as the Thunder Moon, likely a nod to the sounds of this northern summer month's typically stormy weather.

Tomorrow's picture: ants in space


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Friday, July 11, 2025

APOD - The Veins of Heaven

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2025 July 11
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The Veins of Heaven
Image Credit & Copyright: P-M Hedén (Clear Skies, TWAN)

Explanation: Transfusing sunlight as the sky grew darker, this exceptional display of noctilucent clouds was captured on July 10, reflected in the calm waters of Vallentuna Lake near Stockholm, Sweden. From the edge of space, about 80 kilometers above Earth's surface, the icy clouds themselves still reflect sunlight, even though the Sun is below the horizon as seen from the ground. Usually spotted at high latitudes in summer months, the night shining clouds have made a strong showing so far during the short northern summer nights. Also known as polar mesopheric clouds they are understood to form as water vapor driven into the cold upper atmosphere condenses on the fine dust particles supplied by disintegrating meteors or volcanic ash.

Tomorrow's picture: light-weekend


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Thursday, July 10, 2025

APOD - Lynds Dark Nebula 1251

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2025 July 10
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Lynds Dark Nebula 1251
Image Credit & Copyright: Cristiano Gualco

Explanation: Stars are forming in Lynds Dark Nebula (LDN) 1251. About 1,000 light-years away and drifting above the plane of our Milky Way galaxy, LDN 1251 is also less appetizingly known as "The Rotten Fish Nebula." The dusty molecular cloud is part of a complex of dark nebulae mapped toward the Cepheus flare region. Across the spectrum, astronomical explorations of the obscuring interstellar clouds reveal energetic shocks and outflows associated with newborn stars, including the telltale reddish glow from scattered Herbig-Haro objects hiding in the image. Distant background galaxies also lurk in the scene, almost buried behind the dusty expanse. This alluring telescopic frame spans almost three full moons on the sky. That corresponds to over 25 light-years at the estimated distance of LDN 1251.

Tomorrow's picture: pixels in space


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Wednesday, July 9, 2025

APOD - A Beautiful Trifid

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2025 July 9
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A Beautiful Trifid
Image Credit & Copyright: Alessandro Cipolat Bares

Explanation: The beautiful Trifid Nebula is a cosmic study in contrasts. Also known as M20, it lies about 5,000 light-years away toward the nebula rich constellation Sagittarius. A star forming region in the plane of our galaxy, the Trifid does illustrate three different types of astronomical nebulae; red emission nebulae dominated by light from hydrogen atoms, blue reflection nebulae produced by dust reflecting starlight, and dark nebulae where dense dust clouds appear in silhouette. But, the red emission region roughly separated into three parts by obscuring dust lanes is what lends the Trifid its popular name. Pillars and jets sculpted by newborn stars, above and right of the emission nebula's center, appear in famous Hubble Space Telescope close-up images of the region. The Trifid Nebula is about 40 light-years across. Too faint to be seen by the unaided eye, in this deep telescopic view it almost covers the area of a full moon on planet Earth's sky.

Tomorrow's picture: pixels in space


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Tuesday, July 8, 2025

APOD - The Pleiades in Red and Blue

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2025 July 8
A cluster of bright blue stars is seen near the bottom  of this starfield. Nebula around the stars is blue near  the stars but red elsewhere.   Please see the explanation for more detailed information.

The Pleiades in Red and Blue
Image Credit & Copyright: Ogetay Kayali (Michigan Tech U.) Text: Ogetay Kayali (Michigan Tech U.)

Explanation: If you have looked at the sky and seen a group of stars about the size of the full Moon, that's the Pleiades (M45). Perhaps the most famous star cluster in the sky, its brightest stars can be seen even from the light-polluted cities. But your unaided eye can also see its nebulosity -- the gas and dust surrounding it -- under dark skies. However, telescopes can catch even more. The bright blue stars of the Pleiades, also known as the Seven Sisters, light up their surrounding dust, causing it to appear a diffuse blue that can only be seen under long exposures. But that's not all. The cosmic dust appears to stretch upward like ethereal arms. And the entire structure is surrounded by a reddish glow from the most abundant element in the universe: hydrogen. The featured image is composed of nearly 25 hours of exposure and was captured last year from Starfront Observatory, in Texas, USA

Explore Your Universe: Random APOD Generator
Tomorrow's picture: open space


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Monday, July 7, 2025

APOD - Interstellar Comet 3I/ATLAS

Astronomy Picture of the Day

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2025 July 7
A drawing of our Solar System shows the orbits of   Jupiter and interior planets. A white line shows the   trajectory of passing comet 3I/ATLAS.  Please see the explanation for more detailed information.

Interstellar Comet 3I/ATLAS
Image Credit: NASA, JPL-Caltech

Explanation: It came from outer space. An object from outside our Solar System is now passing through at high speed. Classified as a comet because of its gaseous coma, 3I/ATLAS is only the third identified macroscopic object as being so alien. The comet's trajectory is shown in white on the featured map, where the orbits of Jupiter, Mars, and Earth are shown in gold, red, and blue. Currently Comet 3I/ATLAS is about the distance of Jupiter from the Sun -- but closing, with its closest approach to our Sun expected to be within the orbit of Mars in late October. Expected to pass near both Mars and Jupiter, 3I/ATLAS is not expected to pass close to the Earth. The origin of Comet 3I/ATLAS remains unknown. Although initial activity indicates a relatively normal comet, future observations about 3I/ATLAS' composition and nature will surely continue.

Piece it All Together: Astronomy Puzzle of the Day
Tomorrow's picture: stellar sisters


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Sunday, July 6, 2025

APOD - The Spiral North Pole of Mars

Astronomy Picture of the Day

Discover the cosmos! Each day a different image or photograph of our fascinating universe is featured, along with a brief explanation written by a professional astronomer.

2025 July 6
A computer construction of what the north pole of  Mars looks like. The picture was constructed from measured  altitude data. A spiral landscape is seen that is colored  red but is mostly covered with white ice.   Please see the explanation for more detailed information.

The Spiral North Pole of Mars
Image Credit: ESA/DLR/FU Berlin; NASA MGS MOLA Science Team

Explanation: Why is there a spiral around the North Pole of Mars? Each winter this pole develops a new outer layer about one meter thick composed of carbon dioxide frozen out of the thin Martian atmosphere. This fresh layer is deposited on a water-ice layer that exists year round. Strong winds blow down from above the cap's center and swirl due to the spin of the red planet -- contributing to Planum Boreum's spiral structure. The featured image is a perspective mosaic generated in 2017 from numerous images taken by ESA's Mars Express and elevations extracted from the laser altimeter aboard NASA's Mars Global Surveyor mission.

Tomorrow's picture: alien comet


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